The natural history of reading begins with simple exercises, practices, and accuracy, and ends, if one is lucky, with the tools and the capacity to ‘leap into transcendence.’” (Wolf, 2008, p 109) “I do not remember that first moment of knowing I could read, but some of my memories - of a tiny, two-room school with eight grades and two teachers - evokes many pieces of what the language expect Anthony Bashir calls the ‘natural history’ of the reading life. There is no better way to exemplify this than in the following anecdote from Maryanne Wolf's book Proust and the squid: the story and science of the reading brain. The one rule that applies equally is as follows: “Experts that readers, no matter which reading philosophy is followed, have to practice, practice, practice.” (You Need /r/ /ee/ /d/ to Read). Preliminary Note #2: Across this lengthy period of development, leaners are required to consolidate certain skills only to encounter new challenges. “Without an affective investment and commitment, our words become unintelligible and empty with that commitment words begin to show other manners of signification beyond the realm of literal meaning and correspondence.” (Krebs, 2010, pg 138) often needs heartfelt encouragement from teachers, tutors and parents to make a stab at more difficult reading material.” (Wolf, 2008, p 132) An enormously important influence on the development of comprehension in childhood is what happens after we remember, predict, and infer: we feel, we identify, and in the the process we understand more fully and can’t wait to turn the page. Preliminary Note #1: “As every teacher knows, emotional engagement is the tipping point between leaping into the reading life. Before we begin with the stages, there are two preliminary notes to make. Please explore, and also visit the Stages of Literacy Development page for a more detailed discussion. The expert reader (typically from 16 years and older). The fluent, comprehending reader (typically between 9 - 15 years old) and The decoding reader (typically between 7 - 9 years old) The novice reader (typically between 6 to 7 years old) The emerging pre-reader (typically between 6 months to 6 years old) The following notes explore the five stages of reading development as proposed by Maryanne Wolf (2008) in her book Proust and the squid: the story and science of the reading brain. These five stages are: It is not intuited from the environment nor is it simply a matter of physical maturation. Literacy learning requires instruction and practice, and this learning occurs across discrete stages. One does not wake up literate nor does one become literate in the same way that one learns to walk. Send us feedback about these examples.Literacy is not something that just happens. These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'precipitation.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Madeline Heim, Journal Sentinel, 23 Mar. 2023 To decrease the likelihood of bad flooding, the next few weeks would have to experience slow and steady snowmelt and not much additional precipitation, Wendt said. 2023 At the same time, precipitation from low- and medium-intensity storms has started to taper off, leaving California to swing on a pendulum between extreme drought and extreme rain. Jessica Flores, San Francisco Chronicle, 13 Apr. 2023 The plentiful precipitation is also fueling the growth of plants and grasses, Pham noted. Patricia Doherty, Travel + Leisure, 17 Apr. 2023 Sitka Located in a temperate rainforest, Sitka’s annual precipitation is around 95 inches, and the temperature is relatively mild for Alaska standards, with average high temperatures ranging from 37 degrees Fahrenheit in December to 61 degrees Fahrenheit in July. Ana Rocío Álvarez Bríñez, The Courier-Journal, 20 Apr. Doyle Rice, USA TODAY, New precipitation amounts between a tenth and quarter of an inch possible. typically experiences wetter than average conditions, while the northern third sees enhanced chances of below normal precipitation, said David DeWitt, director of the Climate Prediction Center. Popular Mechanics, During an El Niño winter, the southern third of the U.S. Laura He, CNN, 2 June 2023 At a basic level, ENSO drives the atmospheric circulatory system, influencing both air temperature and precipitation, and causing both floods and droughts. Recent Examples on the Web In the next few months, precipitation in the middle reaches of the mighty Yangtze River, which bisects the country, may be significantly reduced, according to an official estimate.
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